endocrine/exocrine glands
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• females show impaired mammary gland structural differentiation, secretory activation, tight junction formation and milk production at the onset of lactation
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• females show impaired mammary gland structural and functional differentiation at day 18.5 of pregnancy
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• mammary glands show a markedly reduced epithelial content at both day 18.5 of pregnancy and day 0.5 of lactation
• primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) fail to differentiate properly in 3D culture and show early growth arrest, unlike wild-type MECs; acini are much smaller and show abnormal morphology and disrupted basal polarity while the number of cells per acinus is significantly lower than that in wild-type acini at days 3 and 5 of 3D culture
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• large cytoplasmic lipid droplets are present in the luminal epithelial layer at day 0.5 and day 1 of lactation, suggesting that secretory activation fails to occur
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• mammary glands exhibit significantly fewer alveoli at both day 18.5 of pregnancy and day 0.5 of lactation
• alveoli are small and poorly differentiated, with small lumens containing very few milk droplets at day 18.5 of pregnancy
• all secretory alveolar cells show loss or mislocalization of tight junctions at day 0.5 and day 1 of lactation, as shown by ZO-1 (zonula occludens 1) staining, unlike wild-type cells which show intense ZO-1 apical staining
• however, no differences are detected in cadherin junction structure, as shown by the normal level and basal localization of E-cadherin
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• at day 18.5 of pregnancy, alveolar cells exhibit a much lower rate of proliferation than that observed in wild-type cells, as shown by Pcna staining
• however, no differences in apoptosis are detected at day 18.5 of pregnancy by TUNEL staining
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• alveoli exhibit small lumens containing very few milk droplets at day 18.5 of pregnancy
• expression of beta-casein is reduced at late pregnancy
• whey acidic protein (Wap) mRNA levels are reduced by at least a 90% at early lactation
• no pups derived from mutant females survive beyond 3 days after birth following the first pregnancy, and newborn pups contain very little gastric milk
• however, mutant females are able to overcome the lactation defects during their second pregnancies and nurse their pups
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reproductive system
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• females show impaired mammary gland structural and functional differentiation at day 18.5 of pregnancy
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integument
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• females show impaired mammary gland structural differentiation, secretory activation, tight junction formation and milk production at the onset of lactation
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• females show impaired mammary gland structural and functional differentiation at day 18.5 of pregnancy
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|
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• mammary glands show a markedly reduced epithelial content at both day 18.5 of pregnancy and day 0.5 of lactation
• primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) fail to differentiate properly in 3D culture and show early growth arrest, unlike wild-type MECs; acini are much smaller and show abnormal morphology and disrupted basal polarity while the number of cells per acinus is significantly lower than that in wild-type acini at days 3 and 5 of 3D culture
|
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• large cytoplasmic lipid droplets are present in the luminal epithelial layer at day 0.5 and day 1 of lactation, suggesting that secretory activation fails to occur
|
|
|
• mammary glands exhibit significantly fewer alveoli at both day 18.5 of pregnancy and day 0.5 of lactation
• alveoli are small and poorly differentiated, with small lumens containing very few milk droplets at day 18.5 of pregnancy
• all secretory alveolar cells show loss or mislocalization of tight junctions at day 0.5 and day 1 of lactation, as shown by ZO-1 (zonula occludens 1) staining, unlike wild-type cells which show intense ZO-1 apical staining
• however, no differences are detected in cadherin junction structure, as shown by the normal level and basal localization of E-cadherin
|
|
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• at day 18.5 of pregnancy, alveolar cells exhibit a much lower rate of proliferation than that observed in wild-type cells, as shown by Pcna staining
• however, no differences in apoptosis are detected at day 18.5 of pregnancy by TUNEL staining
|
|
|
• alveoli exhibit small lumens containing very few milk droplets at day 18.5 of pregnancy
• expression of beta-casein is reduced at late pregnancy
• whey acidic protein (Wap) mRNA levels are reduced by at least a 90% at early lactation
• no pups derived from mutant females survive beyond 3 days after birth following the first pregnancy, and newborn pups contain very little gastric milk
• however, mutant females are able to overcome the lactation defects during their second pregnancies and nurse their pups
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Analysis Tools