Go Annotations as Summary Text (Tabular View) (GO Graph)

GO curators for mouse genes have assigned the following annotations to the gene product of Ighm. (This text reflects annotations as of Wednesday, January 23, 2013.)

---

Summary from NCBI RefSeq

[Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the antigen recognition molecules of B cells. An Ig molecule is made up of 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains (see MIM 147200) joined by disulfide bonds so that each heavy chain is linked to a light chain and the 2 heavy chains are linked together. Each Ig heavy chain has an N-terminal variable (V) region containing the antigen-binding site and a C-terminal constant (C) region, encoded by an individual C region gene, that determines the isotype of the antibody and provides effector or signaling functions. The heavy chain V region is encoded by 1 each of 3 types of genes: V genes (see MIM 147070), joining (J) genes (see MIM 147010), and diversity (D) genes (see MIM 146910). The C region genes are clustered downstream of the V region genes within the heavy chain locus on chromosome 14. The IGHM gene encodes the C region of the mu heavy chain, which defines the IgM isotype. Naive B cells express the transmembrane forms of IgM and IgD (see IGHD; MIM 1471770) on their surface. During an antibody response, activated B cells can switch to the expression of individual downstream heavy chain C region genes by a process of somatic recombination known as isotype switching. In addition, secreted Ig forms that act as antibodies can be produced by alternative RNA processing of the heavy chain C region sequences. Although the membrane forms of all Ig isotypes are monomeric, secreted IgM forms pentamers, and occasionally hexamers, in plasma (summary by Janeway et al., 2005).[supplied by OMIM, Aug 2010]

---

Summary text based on GO annotations supported by experimental evidence in mouse

• Researchers have inferred from direct assay, that the gene product of Ighm
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • activation of MAPK activity ^{[22, 24]}
    • antigen processing and presentation ^[16]
    • B cell receptor signaling pathway ^{[13, 18, 22, 24]}
    • early endosome to late endosome transport ^[16]
    • humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin ^{[5, 10, 14]}
    • immunoglobulin mediated immune response ^{[12, 21, 25, 29]}
    • positive regulation of B cell activation ^{[12, 14, 16]}
    • positive regulation of B cell proliferation ^{[1, 4, 12, 20, 22, 27, 29]}
    • positive regulation of endocytosis ^[16]
    • positive regulation of MAPK cascade ^[22]
    • positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation ^{[13, 18, 22, 24]}
  • performs the following molecular functions:
    • antigen binding ^{[5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 21, 25, 28, 29]}
    • transmembrane signaling receptor activity ^[18]
  • is located in the following cellular components:
    • B cell receptor complex ^{[11, 12, 15, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30]}
    • external side of plasma membrane ^{[4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30]}
    • extracellular space ^[2]
    • immunoglobulin complex, circulating ^{[5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 21, 25, 28, 29]}
    • perinuclear region of cytoplasm ^[18]
• Researchers have inferred, based on phenotypic analysis of mouse mutants, that the gene product of Ighm
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • defense response to Gram-negative bacterium ^[3]

---

Summary text for additional MGI annotations

• Automated translation to GO terms of SwissProt keywords that describe Ighm indicates that it:
  • is located in the following cellular components:
    • extracellular region
    • integral to membrane
    • membrane
    • plasma membrane

---

References

1. Aldrich MB et al. (2003) Impaired germinal center maturation in adenosine deaminase deficiency. J Immunol, 171:5562-70. (PubMed:14607964)
2. Amsen D et al. (2007) Direct regulation of gata3 expression determines the T helper differentiation potential of notch. Immunity, 27:89-99. (PubMed:17658279)
3. Bry L et al. (2004) Critical role of T cell-dependent serum antibody, but not the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, for surviving acute mucosal infection with Citrobacter rodentium, an attaching and effacing pathogen. J Immunol, 172:433-41. (PubMed:14688352)
4. Byth KF et al. (1996) CD45-null transgenic mice reveal a positive regulatory role for CD45 in early thymocyte development, in the selection of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, and B cell maturation. J Exp Med, 183:1707-18. (PubMed:8666928)
5. Castigli E et al. (2004) Impaired IgA class switching in APRIL-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101:3903-8. (PubMed:14988498)
6. Chen Q et al. (2000) Development of Th1-type immune responses requires the type I cytokine receptor TCCR Nature, 407:916-20. (PubMed:11057672)
7. Cheng AM et al. (1995) Syk tyrosine kinase required for mouse viability and B-cell development. Nature, 378:303-6. (PubMed:7477353)
8. Egawa T et al. (2003) Requirement for CARMA1 in antigen receptor-induced NF-kappa B activation and lymphocyte proliferation. Curr Biol, 13:1252-8. (PubMed:12867038)
9. Erlandsson L et al. (2005) Both the pre-BCR and the IL-7Ralpha are essential for expansion at the pre-BII cell stage in vivo. Eur J Immunol, 35:1969-1976. (PubMed:15909309)
10. Fujiwara H et al. (1994) The absence of IgE antibody-mediated augmentation of immune responses in CD23-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91:6835-9. (PubMed:8041705)
11. Gerth AJ et al. (2003) T-bet regulates T-independent IgG2a class switching. Int Immunol, 15:937-44. (PubMed:12882831)
12. Helgason CD et al. (2000) A dual role for Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase (SHIP) in immunity: aberrant development and enhanced function of b lymphocytes in ship -/- mice. J Exp Med, 191:781-94. (PubMed:10704460)
13. Katagiri T et al. (1995) Selective regulation of Lyn tyrosine kinase by CD45 in immature B cells. J Biol Chem, 270:27987-90. (PubMed:7499277)
14. Kong YY et al. (1995) Differential requirements of CD45 for lymphocyte development and function. Eur J Immunol, 25:3431-6. (PubMed:8566034)
15. Kretschmer K et al. (2003) The selection of marginal zone B cells differs from that of B-1a cells. J Immunol, 171:6495-501. (PubMed:14662849)
16. Lankar D et al. (2002) Dynamics of major histocompatibility complex class II compartments during B cell receptor-mediated cell activation. J Exp Med, 195:461-72. (PubMed:11854359)
17. Liljedahl M et al. (1998) Altered antigen presentation in mice lacking H2-O. Immunity, 8:233-43. (PubMed:9492004)
18. Matsuuchi L et al. (1992) The membrane IgM-associated proteins MB-1 and Ig-beta are sufficient to promote surface expression of a partially functional B-cell antigen receptor in a nonlymphoid cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89:3404-8. (PubMed:1373499)
19. Moriggl R et al. (1999) Stat5 is required for IL-2-induced cell cycle progression of peripheral T cells. Immunity, 10:249-59. (PubMed:10072077)
20. Ng LG et al. (2004) B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF)-R is the principal BAFF receptor facilitating BAFF costimulation of circulating T and B cells. J Immunol, 173:807-17. (PubMed:15240667)
21. Oettgen HC et al. (1994) Active anaphylaxis in IgE-deficient mice. Nature, 370:367-70. (PubMed:8047141)
22. Pani G et al. (1997) The motheaten mutation rescues B cell signaling and development in CD45-deficient mice. J Exp Med, 186:581-8. (PubMed:9254656)
23. Rahman ZS et al. (2003) Normal induction but attenuated progression of germinal center responses in BAFF and BAFF-R signaling-deficient mice. J Exp Med, 198:1157-69. (PubMed:14557413)
24. Richards JD et al. (1996) Reconstitution of B cell antigen receptor-induced signaling events in a nonlymphoid cell line by expressing the Syk prottein-tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem, 271:6458-66. (PubMed:8626447)
25. Roes J et al. (1993) Immunoglobulin D (IgD)-deficient mice reveal an auxiliary receptor function for IgD in antigen-mediated recruitment of B cells. J Exp Med, 177:45-55. (PubMed:8418208)
26. Scaglione BJ et al. (2007) Murine models of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: role of microRNA-16 in the New Zealand Black mouse model. Br J Haematol, 139:645-57. (PubMed:17941951)
27. Sexl V et al. (2000) Stat5a/b contribute to interleukin 7-induced B-cell precursor expansion, but abl- and bcr/abl-induced transformation are independent of stat5 Blood, 96:2277-83. (PubMed:10979977)
28. Shahinian A et al. (1993) Differential T cell costimulatory requirements in CD28-deficient mice. Science, 261:609-12. (PubMed:7688139)
29. Takai T et al. (1996) Augmented humoral and anaphylactic responses in Fc gamma RII-deficient mice. Nature, 379:346-9. (PubMed:8552190)
30. Turner M et al. (1995) Perinatal lethality and blocked B-cell development in mice lacking the tyrosine kinase Syk. Nature, 378:298-302. (PubMed:7477352)

---

---

Gene Ontology Evidence Code Abbreviations:

EXP Inferred from experiment

IC Inferred by curator

IDA Inferred from direct assay

IEA Inferred from electronic annotation

IGI Inferred from genetic interaction

IMP Inferred from mutant phenotype

IPI Inferred from physical interaction

ISS Inferred from sequence or structural similarity

ISO Inferred from sequence orthology

ISA Inferred from sequence alignment

ISM Inferred from sequence model

NAS Non-traceable author statement

ND No biological data available

RCA Reviewed computational analysis

TAS Traceable author statement

---