Go Annotations as Summary Text (Tabular View) (GO Graph)

GO curators for mouse genes have assigned the following annotations to the gene product of Glul. (This text reflects annotations as of Wednesday, January 23, 2013.)

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Summary from NCBI RefSeq

[Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. Glutamine is a main source of energy and is involved in cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and cell signaling. This gene is expressed during early fetal stages, and plays an important role in controlling body pH by removing ammonia from circulation. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

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Summary text based on GO annotations supported by experimental evidence in mouse

• Researchers have inferred from direct assay, that the gene product of Glul
  • is located in the following cellular components:
    • cytoplasm ^[4]
    • intracellular ^{[2, 6]}
    • mitochondrion ^[5]
• The gene product of Glul has been shown to bind to the gene products of Palmd. ^[3]
• Researchers have inferred, based on phenotypic analysis of mouse mutants, that the gene product of Glul
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • response to glucose stimulus ^[1]

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Summary text based on GO annotations supported by experimental evidence in other organisms

• From comparative sequence analysis (see table for details), MGI curators have determined that the gene product of Glul:
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • ammonia assimilation cycle
    • cell proliferation
    • glutamate metabolic process
    • glutamine biosynthetic process
    • positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
    • positive regulation of insulin secretion
    • positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
    • protein homooligomerization
  • performs the following molecular functions:
    • ATP binding
    • dynein light chain binding
    • glutamate binding
    • glutamate-ammonia ligase activity
    • identical protein binding
    • magnesium ion binding
    • manganese ion binding
  • is located in the following cellular components:
    • axon terminus
    • cell projection
    • cytoplasm
    • intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
    • neuron projection
    • perikaryon
    • protein complex
    • rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Summary text based on GO annotations supported by structural data

• Glul encodes a protein or proteins that contain the following InterPro domains: Glutamine synthetase, beta-Grasp, Glutamine synthetase, catalytic domain, Glutamine synthetase/guanido kinase, catalytic domain, indicating that the gene product:
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • nitrogen compound metabolic process
  • performs the following molecular functions:
    • catalytic activity

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Summary text for additional MGI annotations

• Automated translation to GO terms of SwissProt keywords that describe Glul indicates that it:
  • performs the following molecular functions:
    • ligase activity
    • lyase activity
    • nucleotide binding
• Glul has been associated with the Enzyme Commission numbers: 4.1.1.15, 6.3.1.2, which implies that the gene product:
  • performs the following molecular functions:
    • glutamate decarboxylase activity

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References

1. Chowdhury GM et al. (2007) Altered cerebral glucose and acetate metabolism in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase-deficient mice: evidence for glial dysfunction and reduced glutamate/glutamine cycling. J Neurochem, 103:2077-91. (PubMed:17854388)
2. Franke H et al. (2005) P2X(7) receptor-mRNA and -protein in the mouse retina; changes during retinal degeneration in BALBCrds mice. Neurochem Int, 47:235-42. (PubMed:15964665)
3. Hu B et al. (2005) Molecular characterization and immunohistochemical localization of palmdelphin, a cytosolic isoform of the paralemmin protein family implicated in membrane dynamics. Eur J Cell Biol, 84:853-66. (PubMed:16323283)
4. Iida I et al. (2003) Immunohistochemical localization of hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) in developing mouse liver tissues. Heterogeneous distribution of HGFA protein. J Histochem Cytochem, 51:1139-49. (PubMed:12923239)
5. Mootha VK et al. (2003) Integrated analysis of protein composition, tissue diversity, and gene regulation in mouse mitochondria. Cell, 115:629-40. (PubMed:14651853)
6. Shiojiri N et al. (1998) Heterogeneous carbamoylphosphate synthetase I expression in testicular transplants of fetal mouse liver. Eur J Cell Biol, 75:389-92. (PubMed:9628326)

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Gene Ontology Evidence Code Abbreviations:

EXP Inferred from experiment

IC Inferred by curator

IDA Inferred from direct assay

IEA Inferred from electronic annotation

IGI Inferred from genetic interaction

IMP Inferred from mutant phenotype

IPI Inferred from physical interaction

ISS Inferred from sequence or structural similarity

ISO Inferred from sequence orthology

ISA Inferred from sequence alignment

ISM Inferred from sequence model

NAS Non-traceable author statement

ND No biological data available

RCA Reviewed computational analysis

TAS Traceable author statement

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