Go Annotations as Summary Text (Tabular View) (GO Graph)

GO curators for mouse genes have assigned the following annotations to the gene product of Hmga2. (This text reflects annotations as of Wednesday, January 23, 2013.)

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Summary from NCBI RefSeq

[Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group (HMG) protein family. HMG proteins function as architectural factors and are essential components of the enhancesome. This protein contains structural DNA-binding domains and may act as a transcriptional regulating factor. Identification of the deletion, amplification, and rearrangement of this gene that are associated with myxoid liposarcoma suggests a role in adipogenesis and mesenchymal differentiation. A gene knock out study of the mouse counterpart demonstrated that this gene is involved in diet-induced obesity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

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Summary text based on GO annotations supported by experimental evidence in mouse

• Researchers have inferred from direct assay, that the gene product of Hmga2
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation ^[14]
    • regulation of cell cycle process ^[17]
  • performs the following molecular functions:
    • AT DNA binding ^[5]
    • RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription ^[6]
  • is located in the following cellular components:
    • nuclear chromosome ^[16]
    • nucleus ^{[4, 7, 11]}
• The gene product of Hmga2 has been shown to bind to the gene products of Nek2. ^{[7, 8]}
• Researchers have inferred, based on phenotypic analysis of mouse mutants, that the gene product of Hmga2
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • adipose tissue development ^[2]
    • adrenal gland development ^[2]
    • cell proliferation in forebrain ^[12]
    • male gonad development ^[2]
    • pituitary gland development ^[15]
    • positive regulation of cell proliferation ^[18]
    • positive regulation of gene expression ^[3]
    • positive regulation of multicellular organism growth ^{[2, 9, 10, 13, 18]}
    • positive regulation of stem cell proliferation ^[12]
    • regulation of growth hormone secretion ^[15]
    • regulation of peptide hormone secretion ^[15]
    • somatic stem cell maintenance ^[12]
    • spermatogenesis ^[4]
• Researchers have inferred, based on genetic interactions, that the gene product of Hmga2
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • fat pad development based on interactions with Lep ^[1]
    • somatic stem cell maintenance based on interactions with Cdkn2a ^[12]

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Summary text based on GO annotations supported by experimental evidence in other organisms

• From comparative sequence analysis (see table for details), MGI curators have determined that the gene product of Hmga2:
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • base-excision repair
    • chondrocyte differentiation
    • chondrocyte proliferation
    • chromosome breakage
    • DNA damage response, detection of DNA damage
    • endodermal cell differentiation
    • epithelial to mesenchymal transition
    • fat cell differentiation
    • heterochromatin assembly
    • histone H2A-S139 phosphorylation
    • mesenchymal cell differentiation
    • mesodermal cell differentiation
    • mesodermal-endodermal cell signaling
    • mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint
    • negative regulation by host of viral transcription
    • negative regulation of apoptotic process
    • negative regulation of DNA binding
    • negative regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining
    • negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway
    • negative regulation of JAK-STAT cascade
    • negative regulation of retroviral genome replication
    • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
    • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
    • oncogene-induced senescence
    • positive regulation of apoptotic process
    • positive regulation of cell cycle arrest
    • positive regulation of cellular response to X-ray
    • positive regulation of cellular senescence
    • positive regulation of gene expression
    • positive regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus
    • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
    • positive regulation of stem cell proliferation
    • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
    • positive regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding
    • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
    • regulation of cell cycle process
    • regulation of cellular response to drug
    • regulation of stem cell maintenance
    • regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
    • senescence-associated heterochromatin focus assembly
    • signal transduction
  • performs the following molecular functions:
    • 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity
    • AT DNA binding
    • C2H2 zinc finger domain binding
    • cAMP response element binding
    • core promoter binding
    • DNA binding, bending
    • DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity
    • DNA-dependent protein kinase activity
    • enzyme binding
    • MH1 domain binding
    • MH2 domain binding
    • nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity
    • nucleosomal DNA binding
    • regulatory region DNA binding
    • RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
    • RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
    • SMAD binding
    • transcription factor binding
  • is located in the following cellular components:
    • nucleus
    • protein-DNA complex
    • senescence-associated heterochromatin focus
    • SMAD protein complex

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Summary text based on GO annotations supported by structural data

• Hmga2 encodes a protein or proteins that contain the following InterPro domains: AT hook, DNA-binding motif, AT hook-like, High mobility group, HMG-I/HMG-Y, indicating that the gene product:
  • performs the following molecular functions:
    • DNA binding
  • is located in the following cellular components:
    • chromatin

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Summary text for additional MGI annotations

• Automated translation to GO terms of SwissProt keywords that describe Hmga2 indicates that it:
  • participates in the following biological processes:
    • cell cycle
    • cell division
    • chromosome condensation
    • meiosis
    • mitosis
    • regulation of growth
    • transcription, DNA-dependent
  • performs the following molecular functions:
    • DNA binding

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References

1. Anand A et al. (2000) In vivo modulation of Hmgic reduces obesity. Nat Genet, 24:377-80. (PubMed:10742101)
2. Benson KF et al. (1994) Mini-mouse: phenotypic characterization of a transgenic insertional mutant allelic to pygmy. Genet Res, 64:27-33. (PubMed:7958830)
3. Brants JR et al. (2004) Differential regulation of the insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein genes by architectural transcription factor HMGA2. FEBS Lett, 569:277-83. (PubMed:15225648)
4. Chieffi P et al. (2002) HMGA1 and HMGA2 protein expression in mouse spermatogenesis. Oncogene, 21:3644-50. (PubMed:12032866)
5. Cui T et al. (2005) Energetics of binding the mammalian high mobility group protein HMGA2 to poly(dA-dT)2 and poly(dA)-poly(dT). J Mol Biol, 352:629-45. (PubMed:16109425)
6. De Martino I et al. (2009) HMGA proteins up-regulate CCNB2 gene in mouse and human pituitary adenomas. Cancer Res, 69:1844-50. (PubMed:19223528)
7. Di Agostino S et al. (2004) Phosphorylation of high-mobility group protein A2 by Nek2 kinase during the first meiotic division in mouse spermatocytes. Mol Biol Cell, 15:1224-32. (PubMed:14668482)
8. Fedele M et al. (2006) HMGA2 induces pituitary tumorigenesis by enhancing E2F1 activity. Cancer Cell, 9:459-71. (PubMed:16766265)
9. KING JW. (1950) Pygmy, a dwarfing gene in the house mouse. J Hered, 41:249-52. (PubMed:14794889)
10. King JW. (1955) Observations on the mutant "pygmy" in the house mouse. J Genet, 53:487-497.
11. Lin HH et al. (2007) Transcriptional regulation by targeted expression of architectural transcription factor high mobility group A2 in salivary glands of transgenic mice. Eur J Oral Sci, 115:30-9. (PubMed:17305714)
12. Nishino J et al. (2008) Hmga2 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal in young but not old mice by reducing p16Ink4a and p19Arf Expression. Cell, 135:227-39. (PubMed:18957199)
13. Rimoin DL et al. (1972) The pygmy (pg) mutant of the mouse--a model of the human pygmy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 35:467-8. (PubMed:5051369)
14. Sanosaka T et al. (2008) Identification of genes that restrict astrocyte differentiation of midgestational neural precursor cells. Neuroscience, 155:780-8. (PubMed:18640244)
15. Sinha YN et al. (1979) Serum and pituitary concentrations of growth hormone and prolactin in pygmy mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 162:221-3. (PubMed:504232)
16. Sutherland HG et al. (2001) Large-scale identification of mammalian proteins localized to nuclear sub-compartments. Hum Mol Genet, 10:1995-2011. (PubMed:11555636)
17. Tessari MA et al. (2003) Transcriptional activation of the cyclin A gene by the architectural transcription factor HMGA2. Mol Cell Biol, 23:9104-16. (PubMed:14645522)
18. Zhou X et al. (1995) Mutation responsible for the mouse pygmy phenotype in the developmentally regulated factor HMGI-C [see comments] Nature, 376:771-4. (PubMed:7651535)

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Gene Ontology Evidence Code Abbreviations:

EXP Inferred from experiment

IC Inferred by curator

IDA Inferred from direct assay

IEA Inferred from electronic annotation

IGI Inferred from genetic interaction

IMP Inferred from mutant phenotype

IPI Inferred from physical interaction

ISS Inferred from sequence or structural similarity

ISO Inferred from sequence orthology

ISA Inferred from sequence alignment

ISM Inferred from sequence model

NAS Non-traceable author statement

ND No biological data available

RCA Reviewed computational analysis

TAS Traceable author statement

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