Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• sperm flagella exhibit abnormal distribution of the periaxonemal structures
• unidentified material aggregates in sperm flagella
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• mature spermatids exhibit an anomaly at the level of outer dense fiber (ODF) extension in the fibrous sheath
• an ODF of abnormal length is seen along doublet 8 or doublet 3, unlike in wild-type cells where shorter ODFs are typically associated with the axonemal doublets 3 and 8 and are not seen in transverse section when the longitudinal columns (LCs) are present
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• newly formed flagella have longitudinal columns (LCs) that are abnormally associated with axonemal doublets 8 and 2 or, less frequently, with axonemal doublets 3 and 2, unlike wild-type flagella where LCs are typically associated with the axonemal doublets 3 and 8
• LC anomalies persist in flagella of elongated spermatids and are associated with outer dense fiber anomalies
• closer LCs results in unilateral expansion or discontinuity of the fibrous sheath
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• during nuclear elongation, spermatids exhibit heterogeneous anomalies in the nucleus, acrosome and the microtubular manchette
• cell organelles can be affected separately e.g. a normal manchette may associated with an expansion of the acrosome that covers part of the manchette
• most spermatids exhibit a nucleus with invagination and/or evagination
• irregular nuclear outline is present either in the posterior and/or in the anterior region
• fully condensed spermatid nuclei show an irregular outline with anterior evagination and/or malformed posterior region
• a large space is frequently observed between the nucleus and the acrosome
• however, nuclear condensation appears normal and transition proteins 1 and 2, and protamine 1 and 2 are normally present in spermatid nuclei
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• in some spermatids, membranous structures appearing like flat saccules are associated with the manchette
• some spermatids show a normal manchette associated with a nucleus of an irregular outline
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• manchettes can be found ectopically in nuclear indentations
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cellular
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• sperm flagella exhibit abnormal distribution of the periaxonemal structures
• unidentified material aggregates in sperm flagella
|
|
• mature spermatids exhibit an anomaly at the level of outer dense fiber (ODF) extension in the fibrous sheath
• an ODF of abnormal length is seen along doublet 8 or doublet 3, unlike in wild-type cells where shorter ODFs are typically associated with the axonemal doublets 3 and 8 and are not seen in transverse section when the longitudinal columns (LCs) are present
|
|
|
• newly formed flagella have longitudinal columns (LCs) that are abnormally associated with axonemal doublets 8 and 2 or, less frequently, with axonemal doublets 3 and 2, unlike wild-type flagella where LCs are typically associated with the axonemal doublets 3 and 8
• LC anomalies persist in flagella of elongated spermatids and are associated with outer dense fiber anomalies
• closer LCs results in unilateral expansion or discontinuity of the fibrous sheath
|
|
|
• during nuclear elongation, spermatids exhibit heterogeneous anomalies in the nucleus, acrosome and the microtubular manchette
• cell organelles can be affected separately e.g. a normal manchette may associated with an expansion of the acrosome that covers part of the manchette
• most spermatids exhibit a nucleus with invagination and/or evagination
• irregular nuclear outline is present either in the posterior and/or in the anterior region
• fully condensed spermatid nuclei show an irregular outline with anterior evagination and/or malformed posterior region
• a large space is frequently observed between the nucleus and the acrosome
• however, nuclear condensation appears normal and transition proteins 1 and 2, and protamine 1 and 2 are normally present in spermatid nuclei
|
|
|
• in some spermatids, membranous structures appearing like flat saccules are associated with the manchette
• some spermatids show a normal manchette associated with a nucleus of an irregular outline
|
|
|
• manchettes can be found ectopically in nuclear indentations
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