cardiovascular system
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• shorter PP interval
• significant acceleration of the maximal phase 0 upstroke velocity in the left ventricle
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• mean peak macroscopic voltage-gated Na+ current densities are increased more than 2 fold in ventricular cardiomyocytes
• acceleration of both the early and late component of voltage-gated Na+ current inactivation in ventricular cardiomyocytes
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muscle
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• mean peak macroscopic voltage-gated Na+ current densities are increased more than 2 fold in ventricular cardiomyocytes
• acceleration of both the early and late component of voltage-gated Na+ current inactivation in ventricular cardiomyocytes
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