homeostasis/metabolism
• decreased exercise endurance
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• reduced in starved mouse embryonic fibroblasts and skeletal and cardiac muscles or skeletal muscles from exercised mice
• however, basal levels of autophagy are normal
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• in mice fed a high-fat diet with no drop in levels following exercise unlike in wild-type mice
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• exercised mice fed a high-fat diet fail to exhibit an increase in carbon dioxide production unlike wild-type mice
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• exercised mice fed a high-fat diet fail to exhibit an increase in oxygen consumption unlike wild-type mice
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• mice exhibit impaired exercise-induced increase in insulin sensitivity compared with wild-type mice
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• exercised mice fail to exhibit a decrease in circulating glucose levels compared with wild-type mice
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• exercised mice exhibit less of a reduction in plasma insulin levels compared with wild-type mice
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• exercised mice fed a high-fat diet fail to exhibit protection from impaired glucose tolerance compared with wild-type mice
• however, mice fed standard chow exhibit normal glucose tolerance
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• exercised mice fed a high-fat diet fail to exhibit an increase in adiponectin levels unlike in wild-type mice
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• exercised mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit less of a decrease in cholesterol levels compared with wild-type mice
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• exercised mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit less of a decrease in triglyceride levels compared with wild-type mice
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• exercised mice fed a high-fat diet fail to exhibit an increase in heat production unlike wild-type mice
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cellular
• reduced in starved mouse embryonic fibroblasts and skeletal and cardiac muscles or skeletal muscles from exercised mice
• however, basal levels of autophagy are normal
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• decreased 14C-deoxyglucose uptake in soleus muscle during treadmill exercise
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adipose tissue
• exercised mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit less of a decrease in percent fat mass compared with wild-type mice
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muscle
N |
• baseline cardiac and skeletal muscle properties are normal
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• decreased 14C-deoxyglucose uptake in soleus muscle during treadmill exercise
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behavior/neurological
• decreased exercise endurance
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