mortality/aging
• half of heterozygous mutants are moribound by 14-15 months of age
• by 2 years of age, 32 of 40 mutants had to be sacrificed or died
• mice die from not only the malignant lesions but also from the benign lesions due to such things as obstructed airways from hyperplastic or premalignant lesions in the pharynx, larynx, mouth or tongue
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• 40% of mutants exhibit increased signs of aging, developing severe degenerative disc disease of the spine between 6 and 18 months of age
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neoplasm
• mutants show an increase in benign premalignant lesions such as squamous cell hyperplasia and multiple lung adenomas
• tumors undergo loss of heterozygosity
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• frequency of lung adenomas is 2.5 times that seen in wild-type mice
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• seen in 20% of mice by 12 months of age
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• seen in 10% of mice by 12 months of age
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skeleton
• 40% of mutants develop severe degenerative disc disease of the spine between 6 and 18 months of age
• degenerative disc disease is consistent with spondylosis and is most frequent in the cervical and thoracic region
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respiratory system
• frequency of lung adenomas is 2.5 times that seen in wild-type mice
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