mortality/aging
• homozygotes die within an hour of birth
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respiratory system
• newborn homozygotes display pulmonary congestion
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• homozygotes display abnormal Ca2+ handling and closely associated morphological and biochemical defects in alveolar type II cells during perinatal lung maturation
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• newborn homozygotes fail to form organized alveoli
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• at E18.5, mutant lungs display immature type II cells with poorly formed saccules or no saccules
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• newborn homozygotes show a >2-fold increase in the % of glycogen-rich cells in the alveolar epithelium relative to wild-type controls
• however, a normal population of type I and type II marker-positive cells are detected in mutant alveoli
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• newborn homozygotes display immature type II cells with sparse microvilli, large glycogen deposits and insufficient lamellar bodies
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• lamellar body formation is severely impaired in mutant type II cells
• both the number and size of lamellar bodies are significantly reduced
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• newborn homozygotes display significantly fewer lamellar body-positive cells than wild-type controls
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atelectasis
(
J:150355
)
• newborn homozygotes fail to inflate their lungs
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• neonatal intra-alveolar septa remain thick
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• in culture, mutant alveolar type II cells show significantly lower resting cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels than wild-type cells in a normal bathing solution; however, similar resting levels are observed under Ca2+ free conditions
• neonatal mutant alveolar type II cells exhibit impaired IP3 receptor mediated Ca2+ release, despite Ca2+ overloading in intracellular stores
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• newborn homozygotes wriggle their bodies and gasp for breath
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• newborn homozygotes die of respiratory failure
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• both the major 16:0-16:1 and 16:0-16:0 phosphatidylcholine (PC) species and the minor PC species are significantly reduced in interstitial fractions from neonatal mutant lungs
• major phosphatidylglycerol (PG) species, including 16:0-16:1 and 16:0-16:0 PG, are reduced
• phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol species are also decreased
• no typical tubular myelin structures are observed, unlike in wild-type neonatal lungs
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• secretion of surfactant phospholipids is impaired in neonatal mutant type II cells
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homeostasis/metabolism
• newborn homozygotes exhibit significantly reduced plasma O2 pressure and increased CO2 pressure, indicating severe hypoxia
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• newborn homozygotes display impaired Ca2+ handling in alveolar type II cells
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cardiovascular system
• newborn homozygotes display pulmonary congestion
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