mortality/aging
• 100% perinatal death
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respiratory system
• at E18.5, mutant lungs display a significantly more condensed tissue morphology than wild-type lungs
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• at E18.5, mutant lung wet weight to body weight ratio is significantly increased
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• at E18.5, lung wet weight and DNA content are significantly higher in mutant lungs, indicating significant hypercellularity
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• mutants display altered development of the terminal respiratory units of the lung
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• at E18.5, mutant lungs lack normal airspace formation
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• at E18.5, mutant lungs display altered alveolar epithelial cell differentiation, primarily causing a reduction in the number of differentiated type I epithelial cells
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• at E18.5, the proportions of type-I cells are reduced by ~50%
• a 50% decrease in mRNA levels for T1alpha and aquaporin-5 (two type I cell-specific markers) is observed
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• at E18.5, the proportions of type II cells are increased by ~30%
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• at E18.5, mutant lungs show significantly thicker air/blood gas diffusion barriers, with multiple cellular compartments between the airways and adjacent capillaries
• no evidence of epithelial cell and endothelial cell basement membrane fusion is observed
• airway to capillary diffusion distance is increased 6-fold
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• at E18.5, mutant lungs display thickened interalveolar septa
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• at E18.5, mRNA levels of type II epithelial cell surfactant protein genes A and C are reduced by ~50%
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homeostasis/metabolism
• at E18.5, circulating levels of plasma corticosterone are increased by >3-fold relative to those in wild-type controls
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growth/size/body
• at E18.5, mutant lung wet weight to body weight ratio is significantly increased
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• at E18.5, lung wet weight and DNA content are significantly higher in mutant lungs, indicating significant hypercellularity
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