skeleton
• osteoblast bone formation is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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• periosteal diameter of the cortical shaft is reduced compared to in wild-type mice
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• cortical bone area and thickness are decreased compared to in wild-type mice
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• mice exhibit an increase in cancellous bone volume, trabeculae number, and trabecular thickness compared with wild-type mice and single homozygotes
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• mice exhibit increased bone turnover with osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteoid surfaces increased compared with wild-type mice and single homozygotes
• however, osteoblast and osteoclast numbers are normal
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• mineral apposition rate is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• in male mice compared with wild-type mice
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• in male mice compared with wild-type mice and Ppyr1tm1.1Hhz homozygotes
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• plasma pancreatic peptide levels are increased compared to in wild-type mice
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adipose tissue
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• male mice exhibit a decreased in white adipose tissue compared to in wild-type mice or single homozygotes
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growth/size/body
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• male mice exhibit decreased body weight compared with wild-type mice that is not as severe as in single homozygotes
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behavior/neurological
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• in male mice compared to in wild-type mice and single homozygotes
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cellular
• osteoblast bone formation is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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