muscle
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• skeletal muscles exhibit variation in fiber size and centrally located nuclei unlike in wild-type mice
• mice exhibit macrophage invasion into muscles unlike in wild-type mice
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• highest specific tetanic force is lower than in wild-type mice
• at high frequencies mice titanic force is greater than in Dmdmdx-4Cv mice
• following eccentric contraction damage, force is reduced to unlike in wild-type mice that experience only a moderate drop in force but not as severely as in Dmdmdx-4Cv mice
• age exacerbates force losses
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vision/eye
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• retina morphology is normal
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• mice exhibit an alteration in Muller cell current profile such that the current is weakest in the end feet with a gradual increase moving up the proximal process unlike in wild-type cells
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• mice exhibit a severely attenuated b-wave amplitude compared to wild-type mice
• b-wave and OP3 wave implicit times are delayed compared to in wild-type mice
• derived positive (P2) responses are delayed compared to in wild-type mice
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behavior/neurological
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• mice exhibit stronger grip strength than Dmdmdx-4Cv mice
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nervous system
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• mice exhibit an alteration in Muller cell current profile such that the current is weakest in the end feet with a gradual increase moving up the proximal process unlike in wild-type cells
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cellular
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• mice exhibit an alteration in Muller cell current profile such that the current is weakest in the end feet with a gradual increase moving up the proximal process unlike in wild-type cells
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