Analysis Tools
homeostasis/metabolism
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• when mice are fed a diet with 2% cholesterol, levels of 24- and 27-hydroxycholesterol are different from those in wild-type mice
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• at 16 months, but not at 6 months, of age, retinas show accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) aggregates in and around retinal ganglion cells (RGCs); in contrast, Abeta deposits are much smaller and only occasionally found in wild-type retinas
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• mice exhibit scattered golden patches on the surface of the lung, indicating some lipid accumulation in the lungs
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hematopoietic system
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• at 6 months of age, microglial cells in the optic nerve are ameboid in shape (i.e. activated); in contrast, only resting microglia are seen in the optic nerve of wild-type controls
• by 16 months of age, the number of active microglial cells in the optic nerve is significantly higher than that in wild-type controls
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immune system
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• at 6 months of age, microglial cells in the optic nerve are ameboid in shape (i.e. activated); in contrast, only resting microglia are seen in the optic nerve of wild-type controls
• by 16 months of age, the number of active microglial cells in the optic nerve is significantly higher than that in wild-type controls
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respiratory system
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• mice exhibit scattered golden patches on the surface of the lung, indicating some lipid accumulation in the lungs
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nervous system
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• at 6 months of age, the number of glutamine synthetase (GS)-positive (i.e. functional) oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve is lower than that in wild-type controls, indicating impaired oligodendrocyte maturation
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• at 16 months of age, the number of Oligo2-positive and GS-positive oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve is significantly lower than that in wild-type controls
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• at 6 months of age, microglial cells in the optic nerve are ameboid in shape (i.e. activated); in contrast, only resting microglia are seen in the optic nerve of wild-type controls
• by 16 months of age, the number of active microglial cells in the optic nerve is significantly higher than that in wild-type controls
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• at 16 months, but not at 6 months, of age, retinas show accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) aggregates in and around retinal ganglion cells (RGCs); in contrast, Abeta deposits are much smaller and only occasionally found in wild-type retinas
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• at 16 months, but not at 6 months, of age, mice show accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) aggregates in and around retinal ganglion cells (RGCs); in contrast, Abeta deposits are much smaller and only occasionally found in wild-type retinas
• at 6 and 16 months of age, the % of amyloid A4-positive RGCs is significantly higher than that in wild-type retinas
• however, no significant change in the level of apoptosis or autophagy is observed in RGCs
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• at 16 months, but not at 6 months, of age, the number of RGCs is significantly reduced relative to that in wild-type controls
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• at 6 months of age, the optic nerve shows a significant reduction in aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression with no significant change in GFAP expression
• by 16 months of age, expression of both AQP4 and GFAP is markedly decreased, indicating loss of AQP4 in astrocytes in the optic nerve
• however, no AQP4 antibodies are detected in serum
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• as loss of AQP4 and microglial activation in the optic nerve precedes RGC loss and accumulation of Abeta aggregates in the retina, the cause of neuronal loss appears to be optic nerve degeneration
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cellular
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• at 6 months of age, the number of glutamine synthetase (GS)-positive (i.e. functional) oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve is lower than that in wild-type controls, indicating impaired oligodendrocyte maturation
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• at 16 months of age, the number of Oligo2-positive and GS-positive oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve is significantly lower than that in wild-type controls
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• when mice are fed a diet with 2% cholesterol, levels of 24- and 27-hydroxycholesterol are different from those in wild-type mice
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• at 6 months of age, microglial cells in the optic nerve are ameboid in shape (i.e. activated); in contrast, only resting microglia are seen in the optic nerve of wild-type controls
• by 16 months of age, the number of active microglial cells in the optic nerve is significantly higher than that in wild-type controls
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vision/eye
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• at 6 months of age, the optic nerve shows a significant reduction in aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression with no significant change in GFAP expression
• by 16 months of age, expression of both AQP4 and GFAP is markedly decreased, indicating loss of AQP4 in astrocytes in the optic nerve
• however, no AQP4 antibodies are detected in serum
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• as loss of AQP4 and microglial activation in the optic nerve precedes RGC loss and accumulation of Abeta aggregates in the retina, the cause of neuronal loss appears to be optic nerve degeneration
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• mice show progressive loss of ganglion cells and accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) in the retina
• however, no significant change in the activation of glial cells or in the expression of inflammatory mediators is observed in the retina
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• at 16 months, but not at 6 months, of age, mice show accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) aggregates in and around retinal ganglion cells (RGCs); in contrast, Abeta deposits are much smaller and only occasionally found in wild-type retinas
• at 6 and 16 months of age, the % of amyloid A4-positive RGCs is significantly higher than that in wild-type retinas
• however, no significant change in the level of apoptosis or autophagy is observed in RGCs
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• at 16 months, but not at 6 months, of age, the number of RGCs is significantly reduced relative to that in wild-type controls
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• at 16 months, but not at 6 months, of age, the retinal nerve fiber layer is significantly reduced relative to that in wild-type controls
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