growth/size/body
• both sexes show displacement of weight gain during growth from weaning to 50 days of age; females remain smaller than nontransgenic littermates, whereas males have similar body weights to controls at 50 days of age
|
megacephaly
(
J:33064
)
• severe
|
craniofacial
• calvaria are enlarged over occipital bones
|
limbs/digits/tail
short humerus
(
J:33064
)
short radius
(
J:33064
)
• ulna shows unusual angle of bending
|
short ulna
(
J:33064
)
short femur
(
J:33064
)
skeleton
• calvaria are enlarged over occipital bones
|
• ulna shows unusual angle of bending
|
• 20-30% shortening of ulna, radius, humerus, femur, and tibia, relative to controls
|
short humerus
(
J:33064
)
short radius
(
J:33064
)
short ulna
(
J:33064
)
short femur
(
J:33064
)
• ribs adjacent to thoracic vertebrae are enlarged and flattened at proximal and distal ends
|
• appear enlarged and misshapen
|
• cervical vertebrae appear compressed, with surface irregularities
|
• significant differences are observed between transgenic mice and controls for bone length per gram body weight
|
muscle
• smooth muscle cells are hypertrophic compared to control cells, with 66% more protein content than control cells
|
cardiovascular system
• smooth muscle cells are hypertrophic compared to control cells, with 66% more protein content than control cells
|