Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
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• Background Sensitivity: homozygotes on a mixed CD-1 background die by E11, about a day later than on the 129S1/Sv and C57BL/6 background
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growth/size/body
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• Background Sensitivity: developmental delay and retarded growth are evident, but less apparent than on the 129S1/Sv and C57BL/6 background
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• the most severely affected embryos have recognizable but badly patterned head structures
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embryo
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• Background Sensitivity: expression of notochord markers is normal, indicating normal axial mesoderm development, unlike on the 129S1/Sv and C57BL/6 background, in which notochord abnormalities are observed
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• vascularization in the yolk sac is abnormal, with decreased number of large vessels branching off the main trunks and disorganized interlocking network of small blood vessels
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• 33% of embryos have a severe phenotype, while 60% have a much milder phenotype than observed on the 129S1/Sv and C57BL/6 background; mild phenotype embryos have turned and have relatively normal caudal structures, with notochord, neural tube, and somites present
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• Background Sensitivity: the most severely affected embryos do not undergo turning and resemble the milder phenotype observed in the 129S1/Sv and C57BL/6 background
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• Background Sensitivity: only 7% of embryos on the CD-1 background are disorganized balls of tissue compared to 53% on 129S1/Sv and C57BL/6 background
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• the most severely affected embryos have abnormal or absent caudal axial structures
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• absence of caudal axial structures
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• Background Sensitivity: developmental delay and retarded growth are evident, but less apparent than on the 129S1/Sv and C57BL/6 background
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• in severely affected embryos, no segmentation of the somitic mesoderm is observed at E9.5
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• in some cases, somites are small, malformed, or asymmetric
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• in some cases, somites are small
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• Background Sensitivity: 45% of embryos exhibit allantois defects compared to 67% on the 129S1/Sv and C57BL/6 background
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cardiovascular system
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• even in mildly affected embryos, very few large blood vessels connect the embryo to the placenta or to the yolk sac
• complex vascularization of the embryo is disrupted, with fewer vessels and larger patches of staining rather than a fine network
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• vascularization in the yolk sac is abnormal, with decreased number of large vessels branching off the main trunks and disorganized interlocking network of small blood vessels
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• in some embryos with normal looping, chamber formation is disrupted
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• in 6 of 52 embryos, looping does not occur
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• the heart chambers appear to balloon out of the linear heart tube, resulting in a dumbbell-shaped appearance, in some embryos
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• some embryos exhibit severe pericardial edema, more often in embryos with a linear heart tube
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• in some embryos, the heart beat is irregular, with blood being shuttled back and forth between the two chambers
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• some embryos exhibit severe pericardial edema, more often in embryos with a linear heart tube
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nervous system
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• homozygotes display head defects, particularly the failure of the brain to fuse, resulting in the neuroepithelium of the brain to form large open everted cap-like structures
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• distinct forebrain structures are not discerned in some embryos
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