mortality/aging
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• no live homozygous embryos are detected at 5.5 dpc (days post coitum); blastocysts can be isolated at 3.5 dpc
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embryo
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• early stage blastocyts are indistinguishable from wild-type, but at later stages remain unexpanded at later stages of development
• when 3.5 dpc blastocysts are grown in culture, ~64% of blastocysts fail to hatch from their zona pellucida
• when mutant blastocysts are grown in culture after zona removal, blastocyst outgrowth is severely impaired even after 3 days in culture; cell number is comparable to wild-type blastocysts at 3 days in culture, indicating defect is due to abnormal spreading
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• inner cell mass of homozygous blastocysts survive in culture, but growth is halted
• when grown on embryonic fibroblasts, ICM growth is delayed after 5 days compared to wild-type
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cellular
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• dynamics of actin accumulation are abnormal in mutant blastocysts at 3.5 dpc
• actin-rich adherent structures observed in abundance in normal cells during migration are drastically reduced at periphery of trophoblast cells in mutants
• cytoskeletal organization at cell periphery and actin net assembly are aberrant in mutant cells; actin filaments are <50 nm in diameter compared to 8 nm in wild-type cells
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