mortality/aging
• all die neonatally, unlike in previous studies where homozygotes died during mid-gestation
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craniofacial
• at E16.5, palatal shelves have rotated but do not meet at the midline
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• complete cleft of the secondary palate
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skeleton
• delay in ossification of the sternum is more obvious at early stages but by E18.5 levels of ossification in the sternum are sometimes similar to wild-type controls although the ossification centers are often in abnormal locations
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• often there are holes in the xiphoid cartilage
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• sternal bars are frequently bifurcated and the appearance of ossification centers is delayed
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• delayed ossification of the skull, ear bones, and cranial base
• delay in ossification of the sternum is more obvious at early stages but by E18.5 levels of ossification in the sternum are sometimes similar to wild-type controls
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digestive/alimentary system
• at E16.5, palatal shelves have rotated but do not meet at the midline
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• complete cleft of the secondary palate
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growth/size/body
• at E16.5, palatal shelves have rotated but do not meet at the midline
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• complete cleft of the secondary palate
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