mortality/aging
• about 2/3 die at birth of unknown causes, however those that survive, live to old age
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cellular
• osteoblast activity is enhanced in cultures of bone marrow stromal cells
• however, osteoclast activity does not appear altered in bone marrow stromal cells
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immune system
• aged mutants do not develop fatty bone marrow as is seen in wild-type
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growth/size/body
• 4-month old homozygotes weigh less than wild-type
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reproductive system
behavior/neurological
• females rarely provide adequate care for young
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skeleton
• bone mineral density remains constant or decreases in wild-type mice as they age but increases significantly in the total body and in the femoral and vertebral regions
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• bone mass is preserved in aged mice (12 months of age) compared to wild-type in which bone mass is decreased up to 75%
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• bone remodeling is preserved in aged mutants compared to the loss of remodeling seen in wild-type
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• osteoblast activity is enhanced in cultures of bone marrow stromal cells
• however, osteoclast activity does not appear altered in bone marrow stromal cells
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adipose tissue
• isolated MEFs are impaired in their ability to undergo adipocyte differentiation compared with wild-type MEFs
• aged mutants do not develop fatty bone marrow as is seen in wild-type
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homeostasis/metabolism
• 12-month old mutants have lower levels of leptin than age-matched wild-type or young homozygotes
• however, estrogen levels are no different from wild-type
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neoplasm