growth/size/body
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• male mutants weigh 29, 27, and 13% less than than wild-type littermates at 5, 7, and 12 weeks of age
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• at 5 weeks, tibial length in males is less than controls, but by 12 weeks there has been catch-up growth and no significant difference is detected
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skeleton
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• in culture, primary osteoblasts display decreased mineralization compared to wild-type when both are treated with BMP-2
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• osteoclast surface per bone surface is increased from 59% at 5 weeks to 441% at 12 weeks compared to wild-type males
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• whole body bone mineral content (BMC) is reduced in males compared to controls at all age groups
• in females, wild-type BMC is higher than in female mutants at 5 weeks
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• bone mineral density (BMD) in males is significantly reduced at all age groups compared to controls; whole body as well as long bone and lumbar vertebral BMD are reduced
• in females, BMD at 5 weeks is reduced compared to controls with exception of the femur
• magnitude of change for each bone is larger in male mutants (9-41%) than female mutants (5-25%)
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• cancellous bone volume/tissue volume is significantly reduced compared to wild-type
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• cortical and marrow area of tibias is reduced in males vs controls
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• bone formation rate is decreased in 5 week old mice and to a lesser extent at 7 weeks, but no difference is seen at 12 weeks
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hematopoietic system
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• moderate but significant increase in protoporphrin levels in red blood cells compared to controls
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• osteoclast surface per bone surface is increased from 59% at 5 weeks to 441% at 12 weeks compared to wild-type males
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immune system
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• osteoclast surface per bone surface is increased from 59% at 5 weeks to 441% at 12 weeks compared to wild-type males
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• moderate but significant increase in protoporphrin levels in red blood cells compared to controls
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cellular
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• in culture, primary osteoblasts display decreased mineralization compared to wild-type when both are treated with BMP-2
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