nervous system
• thickness of corpus callosum is reduced compared to wild-type
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• abnormal arrangement of rostral dentate gyrus
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• CA1 pyramidal cells are less tightly packed
• caudal CA3 pyramidal cell regions shows an abnormal arrangement
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• dendritic regions of pyramidal cells are narrow and length of the apical dendrites is shortened
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• ectopic pyramidal cells are frequently seen
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• there is a 15% reduction in cross-sectional area of the optic nerve compared to wild-type
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• in the forebrain from P14 to P385, a myelin deficit is observed; at P26, deficit is 52% compared to controls
• myelin basic protein content in the brain is significantly reduced with a magnitude of 40%
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• exhibit age-dependent impairment of LTP that appears only when homozygotes are over 10 weeks of age
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vision/eye
• there is a 15% reduction in cross-sectional area of the optic nerve compared to wild-type
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reproductive system
N |
• despite their reduced epididymal size and sperm count, male mice produce normal litter sizes when mated with wild-type females and are technically fertile
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• in vitro, cauda epididymal sperm show small but significant reductions in total, progressive, and hyperactive motility and increased local (twitching, nonprogressive) motility before capacitation
• after capacitation, sperm show normal total and hyperactive motility, a slight increase in progressive motility, and a small reduction in local motility, suggesting that differences in motility parameters are relatively minor
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• later stages of spermatogenesis are negatively impacted
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• at 7-8 weeks of age, epididymal sperm count is significantly lower than that in wild-type males
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• males show a high frequency of morphological defects in cauda epididymal sperm
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• incorrect head-to-neck connections are commonly observed
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• club-shaped and triangular head morphologies and incorrect head-to-neck connections are commonly observed
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• abnormal sperm head structures are observed during spermiogenesis
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• in vitro capacitated sperm show slight alterations in the pattern of capacitation-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation, with decreased abundance of several minor phosphoproteins
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• at 7-8 weeks of age, epididymal weight is significantly lower than that in wild-type males
• however, testis weight is normal
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• following in vitro capacitation, the rate of A23187-induced acrosome reaction in cauda epididymal sperm is significantly lower than that in wild-type sperm
• however, in the absence of induction, sperm show the same low frequency of spontaneous acrosome reactions as wild-type sperm
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• an in vivo competitive artificial insemination trial showed that the average % of embryos produced per female by mutant epididymal sperm is about one-sixth of that produced by wild-type sperm (14.4% versus 85.6%), indicating impaired sperm fertilizing capacity
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• in an IVF assay, sperm show a significantly reduced ability to penetrate the zona pellucida than wild-type sperm, resulting in a lower frequency of sperm retained in the perivitelline space or fused with the ooplasm
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cellular
• at 7-8 weeks of age, epididymal sperm count is significantly lower than that in wild-type males
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• males show a high frequency of morphological defects in cauda epididymal sperm
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• incorrect head-to-neck connections are commonly observed
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• club-shaped and triangular head morphologies and incorrect head-to-neck connections are commonly observed
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• in vitro, cauda epididymal sperm show small but significant reductions in total, progressive, and hyperactive motility and increased local (twitching, nonprogressive) motility before capacitation
• after capacitation, sperm show normal total and hyperactive motility, a slight increase in progressive motility, and a small reduction in local motility, suggesting that differences in motility parameters are relatively minor
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