cardiovascular system
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• 22 of 25 show various defects in patterning of the coronary arteries, including abnormal origin and course of the main coronary artery stems, multiple accessory coronary arteries, and dual septal-conal branches
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• in neonatal heterozygotes, ventricular epicardial conduction of paced beats is 30% slower than in wild-type neonates
• in adult (6-9 mo-old) heterozygotes, ventricular epicardial conduction is 44% slower than in wild-type hearts; no differences are observed in refractory periods
• no apparent differences in wall thickness or the orientation or fiber curvature in the three muscle layers of the left ventricle are observed
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• standard 3-lead surface ECGs from adult heterozygotes indicate a significantly prolonged QRS interval relative to wild-type mice (13.41.8 ms vs 11.51.4 ms, respectively)
• no differences are observed in spontaneous heart rates either during isolated heart studies in vitro or by electrocardiography
• no differences are noted in atrioventricular conduction times in isolated neonatal heterozygous hearts, or in PQ intervals in adult ECG studies
• whole-cell recordings display no differences in any action potential parameters in ventricular myocytes isolated from neonatal heterozygous and wild-type mice
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