Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
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• no homozygotes are obtained by E16.5; embryos surviving between E12.5 and E15.5 appear grossly normal with no overt morphological defects
• administration of catecholamine precursor DOPS to pregnant females prevents midgestational lethality in ~40% of mutant embryos, whereas L-DOPA fails to do so
• rescued pups are carried to term, but appear runted, fail to suckle, and die within 24 hr after birth
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• starting at E12.5, homozygous mutant embryos are obtained at a progressively declining Mendelian frequency
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cardiovascular system
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• dead homozygotes exhibit congestion of blood in the liver and cardiac outflow tracts
• however, no morphological defects are noted in the heart, liver, or placenta at E11.5 or E15.5
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• dead homozygotes exhibit congestion of blood in the liver
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• dead homozygotes exhibit congestion of blood in the cardiac outflow tracts
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• at E12.5, homozygotes exhibit significant bradycardia (average heart rate 26.9 +/- 8.0 beats per minute) relative to wild-type embryos (36.0 +/- 6.6 beats per minute)
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• at E12.5, homozygotes exhibit significantly reduced noradrenaline levels (3.21 +/- 0.76 ng/mg protein) relative to wild-type embryos (5.42 +/- 2.15 ng/mg protein)
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liver/biliary system
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• dead homozygotes exhibit congestion of blood in the liver
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