mortality/aging
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• although the expected numbers of mutants were present at birth, they were either stillborn or started dying immediately after birth
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respiratory system
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• cannot breathe despite the ability to open the mouth
• unable to inflate and expand lungs, despite the lungs being vascularized and structurally intact
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homeostasis/metabolism
nervous system
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• only partial development of the thoracic sympathetic ganglia at E12.5, with defects becoming more severe in a rostral-caudal gradient
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• phrenic nerves are thinned, disorganized, and discontinuous or incomplete and they lack an apparent main nerve trunk from which smaller presynaptic branches originate
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• diaphragm muscle is very poorly innervated by the phrenic nerve
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cellular


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