mortality/aging
• a significant fraction of mutants died early in life, often within the first 3 weeks
|
• a significant fraction of mutants displayed embryonic lethality
|
behavior/neurological
limb grasping
(
J:29258
)
• all homozygotes showed a "leg-clasping" reflex: when lifted by their tails, they drew their limbs toward the trunk
|
• both male and female mutants were fertile; however, litters were invariably killed by their mothers and never survived beyond the second day
• such litters could only be rescued when cross-fostered
|
cellular
N |
• MEF cultures obtained from E14 mutant embryos showed normal growth rates and cell-cycle kinetics
|
craniofacial
long incisors
(
J:29258
)
• about 50% of homozygotes displayed incisor misalignment, leading to their excssive growth
• in a few severe cases, incisors need to be cut to allow mice to feed properly
|
• about 50% of homozygotes displayed incisor misalignment
|
• misalignment of incisors was caused by lateral distortion of the mandibles in the anterior part of the jaw
• incisor misalignment did not affect feeding or overall size, as mice without such defects were equally runted
|
• in one case, there was a marked distortion of the maxilla on one side
|
endocrine/exocrine glands
• at mid-pregnant and postpartum stages, mammary glands failed to undergo normal lobuloalveolar development
• at these stages, mammary glands showed poor acinar development and little secretory activity
|
• at mid-pregnant and postpartum stages, mammary glands failed to undergo normal lobuloalveolar development
• at these stages, mammary glands showed poor acinar development and little secretory activity
|
• females were unable to nurse newborn pups due to the failure of mammary tissue development
|
growth/size/body
long incisors
(
J:29258
)
• about 50% of homozygotes displayed incisor misalignment, leading to their excssive growth
• in a few severe cases, incisors need to be cut to allow mice to feed properly
|
• about 50% of homozygotes displayed incisor misalignment
|
• all homozygotes were 10%-40% smaller than wild-type during growth to adulthood
• the weights and sizes of major organs were proportionately lower, consistent with reduced size
|
reproductive system
• at mid-pregnant and postpartum stages, mammary glands failed to undergo normal lobuloalveolar development
• at these stages, mammary glands showed poor acinar development and little secretory activity
|
skeleton
long incisors
(
J:29258
)
• about 50% of homozygotes displayed incisor misalignment, leading to their excssive growth
• in a few severe cases, incisors need to be cut to allow mice to feed properly
|
• about 50% of homozygotes displayed incisor misalignment
|
• misalignment of incisors was caused by lateral distortion of the mandibles in the anterior part of the jaw
• incisor misalignment did not affect feeding or overall size, as mice without such defects were equally runted
|
• in one case, there was a marked distortion of the maxilla on one side
|
vision/eye
• mutant eyes showed a reduction in the organization of the surface ganglion cell layer; the remainder of the eye structure appeared normal
|
• mutant eyes showed a reduction in the thickness of the surface ganglion cell layer
|
• homozygotes showed a striking reduction in thickness and organization of all retinal layers, esp. the outer layer, as well as disorganization of nuclear polarity
|
• homozygotes had hypoplastic, grossly underdeveloped retinas
• abnormal retinal features were consistent with a severe bilateral retinopathy
|
integument
• at mid-pregnant and postpartum stages, mammary glands failed to undergo normal lobuloalveolar development
• at these stages, mammary glands showed poor acinar development and little secretory activity
|
• at mid-pregnant and postpartum stages, mammary glands failed to undergo normal lobuloalveolar development
• at these stages, mammary glands showed poor acinar development and little secretory activity
|
• females were unable to nurse newborn pups due to the failure of mammary tissue development
|