mortality/aging
• by 3 weeks of age
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behavior/neurological
• display an inability to position the extremities properly when attempting to move
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• exhibit a tendency of all four limbs to intermittently stiffen in an extensor posture
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growth/size/body
• retardation
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• weigh 20% less than controls at birth
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muscle
• absent muscle spindles
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nervous system
• absent muscle spindles
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• fewer stellate ganglion neurons at P0 and P60 than in heterozygotes or wild-type
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• show no evidence of afferent nerve fiber-muscle contacts
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• loss of carbonic anhydrase (CA) positive neurons, which are mostly L4 dorsal root ganglion neurons
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• central branch of the proprioceptive Ia fibers innvervating spinal cord layer IX is absent
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