Analysis Tools
cellular
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• at E9.5, numerous mitochondria in the ventricular subepicardial myocytes appear significantly inflated and irregularly shaped, suggesting mitochondrial cardiomyopathy
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mortality/aging
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• at E9.5 or earlier, homozygous mutant embryos are recovered at the expected Mendelian ratio and appear normal in both size and gross morphology
• however, all mutant embryos obtained after E9.5 are dead and display progressive necrosis
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embryo
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• at E9.5, mutant embryos display abnormal thickening of the chorionic plate, with poorly differentiated chorionic villi and reduced hemotrichorial layer characteristics
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• at E9.5, homozygotes show a dramatic decrease of lipid droplet accumulation in the three cell-layered labyrinthine barrier, with scarce lipid droplets found in presumptive hemotrichorial layers I and II, and miniscule lipid droplets found in layer III
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• at E9.5, mutant embryos display a maturation block in labyrinthine trophoblast, with an abnormally thick trophoblast tissue retaining features of the early labyrinthine parenchyma
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• at E9.5, mutant placentas exhibit abnormal fetal and maternal vascular networks, with fetal vessels rarely permeating the presumptive labyrinth
• maternal blood sinuses appear frequently dilated, ruptured, and thus adjoined within mutant placentas, often forming a continuous blood pool throughout the entire zone
• maternal erythrocytes, normally restricted to the sinuses, are noted throughout the cytoplasms of cells in the mutant junctional zone, indicating obvious erythrophagocytic activity of the trophoblasts lining the maternal sinuses
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• at E9.5, homozygotes display failure of fetal vessel permeation, phagocytosis of maternal blood cells, incomplete epithelialization of the labyrinthine barrier, and loose endothelial trophoblast contacts
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• at E9.5, the mutant trophoblast epithelium is less compact while the fetal endothelium is detached from hemotrichorial layer III
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cardiovascular system
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• at E9.5, mutant placentas exhibit abnormal fetal and maternal vascular networks, with fetal vessels rarely permeating the presumptive labyrinth
• maternal blood sinuses appear frequently dilated, ruptured, and thus adjoined within mutant placentas, often forming a continuous blood pool throughout the entire zone
• maternal erythrocytes, normally restricted to the sinuses, are noted throughout the cytoplasms of cells in the mutant junctional zone, indicating obvious erythrophagocytic activity of the trophoblasts lining the maternal sinuses
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• at E9.5, homozygotes display degeneration of the trabecular zone
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• at E9.5, homozygotes exhibit severe thinning of the compact zone of the ventricular myocardium
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• at E9.5, homozygotes exhibit premature differentiation of ventricular subepicardial myocytes, as shown by frequent tandem sarcomers, separated by multiple Z lines, crossing cell boundaries through intercalated discs
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• at E9.5, numerous mitochondria in the ventricular subepicardial myocytes appear significantly inflated and irregularly shaped, suggesting mitochondrial cardiomyopathy
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• at E9.5, homozygotes display severe thinning of the ventricular septum
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• at E9.5, homozygotes display severe thinning of the ventricular wall
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muscle
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• at E9.5, homozygotes display degeneration of the trabecular zone
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• at E9.5, homozygotes exhibit severe thinning of the compact zone of the ventricular myocardium
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