mortality/aging
• 50% of mice die within the first 8 days of life
|
homeostasis/metabolism
• impaired
|
steatorrhea
(
J:161480
)
• mice excrete yellowish stool unlike wild-type mice
|
• slightly
|
• slightly
|
• in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, mice exhibit lower serum glucose levels than in similarly treated wild-type mice
• fasting mice exhibit decreased blood glucose compared with similarly treated wild-type mice
|
• in an oral glucose tolerance test, mice exhibit improved glucose clearance compared with similarly treated wild-type mice
• in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, mice exhibit lower serum glucose levels than in similarly treated wild-type mice
|
• slightly at 14 and 17 weeks
• insulin-mediated hypoglycemic response is blunted compared to in wild-type mice
|
digestive/alimentary system
• goblet cells in the large intestine are larger than in wild-type mice and mostly devoid of mucus
• however, goblet cell numbers are normal in the small intestine
|
• at E19.5, crypt cell proliferation is increased compared to in wild-type mice
• in adult mice, crypt cell proliferation is increased with an up to 1.6-fold increase in cell turnover compared to in wild-type mice
|
• as early as embryogenesis, mice lack enteroendocrine progenitors along the proximal-distal axis of the intestine unlike in wild-type mice
• however, intestinal epithelial cell proliferation is normal
|
• as early as embryogenesis, mice lack enteroendocrine progenitors along the proximal-distal axis of the intestine unlike in wild-type mice
|
• small intestine crypts are disorganized, larger, and more abundant than in wild-type mice
|
• the large intestine exhibits a reduction in the length of glands of up to 1.5 times compared with wild-type mice
|
• villi are blunted or club shaped with frequent dilation and strong detachment of the epithelium from the basement membrane unlike in wild-type mice
|
• microvilli on absorptive cells are sparser, 60% shorter, but twice as large as on wild-type cells
• the brush border of absorptive cells in the small intestine is reduced 44% compared to in wild-type mice
• however, expression of brush border enzymes and glucose transporters is normal
|
• 60% shorter than in wild-type mice
|
• mice produce more feces compared with wild-type mice
|
• surviving mice exhibit soft stool that does not cease with age unlike in wild-type mice
|
• impaired
|
steatorrhea
(
J:161480
)
• mice excrete yellowish stool unlike wild-type mice
|
• intestinal transit time is increased 2.3-fold compared to in wild-type mice
|
growth/size/body
adipose tissue
• mice exhibit reduced abdominal fat compared with wild-type mice
|
endocrine/exocrine glands
• small intestine crypts are disorganized, larger, and more abundant than in wild-type mice
|
• mice exhibit more medium and large islets with centrally located alpha cells than in wild-type mice
|
• mice exhibit a shift from large to single islets compared with wild-type mice
|
cellular
• goblet cells in the large intestine are larger than in wild-type mice and mostly devoid of mucus
• however, goblet cell numbers are normal in the small intestine
|
• at E19.5, crypt cell proliferation is increased compared to in wild-type mice
• in adult mice, crypt cell proliferation is increased with an up to 1.6-fold increase in cell turnover compared to in wild-type mice
|