Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• percentage of motile sperm is reduced (56.3+/-2.1% compared to 72.7+/-4.2% in wild-type), all three velocity parameters are significantly lower, and while sperm beat more rapidly they fail to produce motion
• sperm motility is further reduced from 56.3% to 45.5% upon capacitation
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• in testes of mice older than 7 months, at least one large vacuole develops in 15.2+/-4.6% of tubules
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• at 8 weeks, testes weigh 10% less than in wild-type mice
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• sperm counts are reduced by greater than 50%
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• at 8 weeks, 46% of sperm tails are folded or angulated compared to 5.8% in wild-type
• cytoplasmic membrane is retracted from the region of folding
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• sperm tails are frequently bent by 180 within the middle piece or at the junction between the middle and principal pieces
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• sharp angulation of sperm tails at the junction of the middle and principal pieces is frequently observed
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• Background Sensitivity: unlike mice on a mixed background, males congenic on a C57BL/6 background produce smaller litter sizes of 3.8+/-2.1 pups compared to 8.3+/-2.5 pups in wild-type
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adipose tissue
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• at E18.5, interscapular UCP1-positive BAT is largely disorganized, significantly reduced in size, and contains decreased lipid levels
• MYHC (myosin heavy chain) staining of E18.5 embryos revealed skeletal muscle-tissue structures emerging and invading regions that normally contain BAT, unlike in wild-type embryos
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• at E18.5, interscapular UCP1-positive BAT is significantly reduced in size
• whole BAT is reduced at 1 and 4 months of age
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• BAT-selective genes involved in brown fat cell differentiation are downregulated by >3-fold in BAT tissue
• in vitro, 5 days post-induction of BAT differentiation, isolated brown adipose progenitor cells form elongated muscle-like cells rather than round fat laden adipocytes, indicating a switch from a BAT cell fate to muscle lineages
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• at E18.5, interscapular UCP1-positive BAT contains less lipid droplets
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• ~40% weight reduction of interscapular BAT at E18.5
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• BAT-selective genes involved in brown fat thermogenesis are downregulated by >3-fold in BAT tissue
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• in testes of mice older than 7 months, at least one large vacuole develops in 15.2+/-4.6% of tubules
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• at 8 weeks, testes weigh 10% less than in wild-type mice
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cellular
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• BAT-selective genes involved in brown fat cell differentiation are downregulated by >3-fold in BAT tissue
• in vitro, 5 days post-induction of BAT differentiation, isolated brown adipose progenitor cells form elongated muscle-like cells rather than round fat laden adipocytes, indicating a switch from a BAT cell fate to muscle lineages
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• sperm counts are reduced by greater than 50%
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• at 8 weeks, 46% of sperm tails are folded or angulated compared to 5.8% in wild-type
• cytoplasmic membrane is retracted from the region of folding
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• sperm tails are frequently bent by 180 within the middle piece or at the junction between the middle and principal pieces
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• sharp angulation of sperm tails at the junction of the middle and principal pieces is frequently observed
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• percentage of motile sperm is reduced (56.3+/-2.1% compared to 72.7+/-4.2% in wild-type), all three velocity parameters are significantly lower, and while sperm beat more rapidly they fail to produce motion
• sperm motility is further reduced from 56.3% to 45.5% upon capacitation
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• BAT-selective genes involved in mitochondrial function are downregulated by >3-fold in BAT tissue
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muscle
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• muscle-specific genes involved in skeletal muscle development are upregulated by >3-fold in BAT tissue, consistent with enhanced skeletal muscle formation
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• muscle-specific genes involved in skeletal muscle function are upregulated by >3-fold in BAT tissue
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