mortality/aging
• become cyanotic immediately after birth and die
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cardiovascular system
• stenosis of the pulmonary trunk
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• exhibit severe cardiac defects with incomplete penetrance (about 60%) at E15.5, E18.5 and in newborns
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• enlarged atrioventricular canal at E10.5
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• occasionally see malformation of the coronary vessels
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• occasionally see mispositioning of the aorta
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• some show the aorta and the pulmonary artery arising from the right ventricle
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• abnormal drainage of the pulmonary vein into a common instead of the left atrium
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• atrioventricular valve defects
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• atrial septal defects
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• hearts are malformed, however they are properly patterned in the atrioventricular canal and around the inner curvature
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• reduced ventricular expansion and abnormal ventricular shape are seen at E10.5
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• ventricular septal defects
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homeostasis/metabolism