mortality/aging
• double homozygous embryos begin to die around E15.5 with only about 12% of double homozygotes surviving to adulthood
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cardiovascular system
• at E15.5 ventricular septal defects were seen in 77% of double homozygous embryos often associated with hemorrhages
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• 1 month old mutant heart to body weight ratios are increased and markers of cardiac hypertrophy are upregulated
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• at E15.5 thin ventricular walls were seen in 20% of double homozygous embryos often associated with hemorrhages
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hemorrhage
(
J:93021
)
• hemorrhages are seen throughout the body of some mutant embryos at E15.5
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growth/size/body
• 1 month old mutant heart to body weight ratios are increased and markers of cardiac hypertrophy are upregulated
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• severe growth retardation is seen with surviving adults weighing 1/3 as much as wild-type mice
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muscle
• soleus muscles show an increase in the percentage of slow myofibers
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