Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
|
• homozygotes show a progressive decline in survival between E11.5 and E13.5, with none surviving beyond E13.5
• Background Sensitivity: on a mixed background involving 129 and C57BL/6, homozygotes display a broader window of lethality with none surviving past E16.5
|
embryo
|
• starting at E11.5, homozygous mutant embryos appear developmentally retarded relative to wild-type or heterozygous controls
|
|
• at E12.5, homozygous mutant embryos are smaller than normal
|
|
• homozygous mutant embryos display a ~20% weight reduction by E12.5 relative to controls embryos
|
|
• at E12.5, the mutant spongiotrophoblast layer is reduced in size relative to that in wild-type controls
|
|
• at E12.5, the mutant labyrinth layer is reduced in size and contains numerous mesenchymal cells relative to that in wild-type controls
|
|
• at E12.5, the mutant labyrinth layer is poorly vascularized
• in contrast, the decidua appears normal
|
|
• at E12.5, mutant placentas are smaller than normal
|
|
• mutant placentas show a ~20% weight reduction by E12.5 relative to control placentas
|
growth/size/body
|
• starting at E11.5, homozygous mutant embryos appear developmentally retarded relative to wild-type or heterozygous controls
|
|
• at E12.5, homozygous mutant embryos are smaller than normal
|
|
• homozygous mutant embryos display a ~20% weight reduction by E12.5 relative to controls embryos
|
liver/biliary system
|
• at E12.5, mutant liver sinuses contain fewer red blood cells than wild-type
|
|
• at E12.5, most mutant hepatoblasts (but not erythroid cells) exhibit numerous pyknotic and fragmented nuclei, as shown by immunohistochemical staining
• at E12.5, TUNEL analysis of mutant livers indicates an increased level of apoptosis mainly in the hepatoblast compartment
|
|
• at E12.5, mutant liver cells appear slightly enlarged relative to wild-type cells
|
small liver
(
J:69056
)
|
• at E12.5, mutant livers are significantly smaller than wild-type
|
|
• at E12.5, mutant livers are hypocellular relative to control livers
• however, no defect in hepatoblast proliferation is observed, as determined by PCNA staining
|
pale liver
(
J:69056
)
|
• at E12.5, mutant livers are very pale
|
cardiovascular system
|
• at E12.5, mutant liver sinuses contain fewer red blood cells than wild-type
|
|
• at E12.5, the mutant labyrinth layer is poorly vascularized
• in contrast, the decidua appears normal
|
cellular
|
• mutant MEFs immortalized according to the 3T3 protocol lose their hypersensitivity towards actinomycin D-induced apoptosis
• 3T3-like mutant cells are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of TNF alone, but are as susceptible as wild type cells to a combination of TNF plus cycloheximide
|
|
• primary MEFs established from E11.5-E12.5 mutant embryos are more susceptible than wild type to apoptosis induced by growth factor deprivation and actinomycin D treatment
• mutant MEFs immortalized according to the 3T3 protocol are more susceptible than wild-type cells to Fas activation
|
|
• in culture, primary MEFs established from E11.5-E12.5 mutant embryos exhibit a >4-fold increase in apoptosis relative to wild-type MEFs, as shown by TUNEL staining
• in contrast, the number of S-phase MEFs is similar, arguing against a cell cycle defect
|
|
• at E12.5, most mutant hepatoblasts (but not erythroid cells) exhibit numerous pyknotic and fragmented nuclei, as shown by immunohistochemical staining
• at E12.5, TUNEL analysis of mutant livers indicates an increased level of apoptosis mainly in the hepatoblast compartment
|
integument
