mortality/aging
growth/size/body
• weights of newborns at birth are only about 50% normal
|
• weights of E18.5 embryos are only about 50% normal
|
homeostasis/metabolism
• adipocyte differentiation is retarded or does not occur
|
muscle
• individual muscle fibers are markedly reduced
• individual muscle cells are approximately 50% smaller than normal
|
respiratory system
• newborn homozygotes display labored breathing
|
skeleton
• ossification barely detectable at E14.5
• at E18.5 there was still extensive cranial cartillage as well as in the axial skeleton and limbs
|
integument
• most hair follicles do not develop beyond very early stage
|
• spinous layer particularly affected by skin thinning
|
• reduced proliferation of basal keratinocytes
|