cellular
• enlarged hepatocytes with karyomegaly as early as E16.5
|
• evident at E17.5
|
mortality/aging
• animals die at birth or shortly thereafter
• only 10% born with beating hearts, but these animals did not move
|
growth/size/body
• 15% smaller than littermates
|
homeostasis/metabolism
• 57% reduction
|
• 59% reduction
|
• pups born with beating hearts remained cyanotic until death a few hours later
|
• elevated levels of hepatocellular enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (66%) and alanine aminotransferase (56%)
|
• dATP levels in fetal blood are elevated 2000-fold while ATP levels are decreased slightly
|
immune system
• decreased numbers of mature T lymphocytes
|
liver/biliary system
• livers have disorganized hepatic plates, resulting in isolated packets of cells
|
• evident at E17.5
|
• morphological changes in hepatocytes are seen as early as E16.5, including enlarged hepatocytes with karyomegaly, irregularly shaped nuclear envelopes, and a decrease in heterochromatin
• cytoplasm of hepatocytes has decreased amounts of glycogen and increased volume of rough ER
• hepatocytes lose their normal polyhedral shape and become round
|
• enlarged hepatocytes with karyomegaly as early as E16.5
|
• decrease in numbers of hepatocytes per lobule
|
small liver
(
J:25085
)
• 29% smaller than littermates
|
hematopoietic system
• decreased numbers of mature T lymphocytes
|