Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
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• some mice die between E13.5 and E15.5
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• the surviving mice all die neonatally
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renal/urinary system
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• from E18.5 to birth kidneys show increased apoptosis (3-fold at E18.5 and 4-fold at E19.5) with an explosive increase in apoptosis is seen at P0
• however, no increase in apoptosis is observed before E14.5
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• ~6-fold increase in immunoreactivity for Ki67 in proliferative cell populations of the kidney cortex at E18.5
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• renal hypoplasia with decreased numbers of elarged renal glomeruli and dilated renal tubules
• however, the rest of the urogenital system (adrenal glands and bladder) is normal
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• embryos have fewer glomeruli that are often also enlarged
• however, numbers are relatively normal in proportion to the smaller kidney size
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• embryos have fewer glomeruli that are often also enlarged
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• from E18.5 to birth kidneys show increased apoptosis (3-fold at E18.5 and 4-fold at E19.5) with an explosive increase in apoptosis is seen at P0
• at E18.5, increased proliferation is also observed
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• at E18.5 over 90% of mice have bilateral hypoplastic kidneys
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• at E18.5, 2 of 31 mice display unilateral renal agenesis
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• ex vivo ureteric buds from E12.5 embryos grow slower, are smaller, show increased apoptosis and have a higher proliferation index than wild-type after 5 days in culture
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• in explants, the number of bifurcations is considerably reduced in metanephroi, these bifurcations are less defined
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• impaired elongation of ureter in cultured ureteric bud explants
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• ex vivo ureteric buds from E12.5 embryos are smaller
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respiratory system
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• decreased branching of terminal bronchioles
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• absence of alveolar formation at E18.5
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• mice delivered by cesarean section at E18.5 fail to breathe
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nervous system
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• increased resistance of cortical neurons to menadione- and thapsigargin-induced apoptosis
• however, sensitivity to apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation, staurosporine, or hydrogen peroxide is similar to wild-type cortical neurons
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• increased proliferation in ventricular zones and other regions of the brain, including in the midbrain at E12.5 and in the neopallial cortex at E 14.5
• however, despite the increase in proliferation neurons in the proper stae of differentiation are seen
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• increased cellular proliferation at E12.5
• enlargement of the midbrain at E14.5 in exencephalic mice
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• enlargement of the telencephalon at E14.5 in exencephalic mice
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exencephaly
(
J:119857
)
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• seen in many embryos at E12.5 - E14.5
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• increased resistance of cortical neurons to menadione- and thapsigargin-induced apoptosis
• however, sensitivity to apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation, staurosporine, or hydrogen peroxide is similar to wild-type cortical neurons
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cellular
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• from E18.5 to birth kidneys show increased apoptosis (3-fold at E18.5 and 4-fold at E19.5) with an explosive increase in apoptosis is seen at P0
• however, no increase in apoptosis is observed before E14.5
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• increased resistance of cortical neurons to menadione- and thapsigargin-induced apoptosis
• however, sensitivity to apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation, staurosporine, or hydrogen peroxide is similar to wild-type cortical neurons
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• ~6-fold increase in immunoreactivity for Ki67 in proliferative cell populations of the kidney cortex at E18.5
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