Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• sperm in caput and cauda epididymidis, but not in the tesis, exhibit structural abnormalities of mitochondria
• the internal membrane structure of mitochondria is irregular, with disappearance of cristae-like folds and formation of electron-dense central clamps
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• sperm fail to fertilize oocytes in in vitro fertilization, however infertility is rescued by intracytoplasmic sperm injection into oocytes
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• although vaginal plugs are observed, homozygous males paired with wild-type females produce no pregnancies
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• sperm cells show loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, diminished mitochondrial reactive oxygen intermediate production, reduced cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium levels and intracellular acidification
• exhibit accumulation of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate (S7P) and diminished levels of glutathione, NADPH, NADH, NAD, ADP-ribose, AMP, cAMP, ADP, and ATP in cauda epididymidis due to functional defects of mitochondria
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• sperm motility parameters, including progressive velocity and track speed, are reduced and beat frequency is increased, indicating diminished forward motility, however numbers and viability of spermatozoa are normal
• sperm exhibit stiffened flagellar midpieces in video images
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• acrosome reaction is reduced in sperm
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• males exhibit depletion of pyridine nucleotides in testes
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cellular
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• sperm in caput and cauda epididymidis, but not in the tesis, exhibit structural abnormalities of mitochondria
• the internal membrane structure of mitochondria is irregular, with disappearance of cristae-like folds and formation of electron-dense central clamps
|
|
|
• sperm motility parameters, including progressive velocity and track speed, are reduced and beat frequency is increased, indicating diminished forward motility, however numbers and viability of spermatozoa are normal
• sperm exhibit stiffened flagellar midpieces in video images
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